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Impact of food advertising on television in Pakistan on children's eating habits
IMPACTS OF ADVERTISING FOOD TV Pakistan on eating CHILDREN
Malik Tariq Mahmood
INTRODUCTION
TV belongs to the family of audiovisual media. It is able to transmit images and sounds bring the message of various types and for a variety of purposes. He has a strong influence on the people, culture and other media. It is a telecommunication system used for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound at a distance around the world. The term can also be used to refer specifically to a television set, programming or television transmission. The commercial television has become one of the most effective, most persuasive and most popular methods of selling products of all kinds.
In Pakistani culture we must look more deeply into the role of television and advertising to determine why it occupies a valuable position. Pakistan Television is a permanent feature for children € ™ s life. Television is so familiar to children as the faces of family members. The Television is always there to entertain you and give back to society the children, especially when nobody else in the mood to play, talk or exchange with them. They are increasingly exposed to different cultures, to absorb new ideas and impressions about other cultures.
The number of TV ad jingles or catch phrases that generate sustained appeal, which may remain in the minds of viewers long after Campaign advertising. Dissemination of advertising in today's growing influence in our society and our fundamental modes of life. Advertising can be regarded as one of the factors that contribute to shaping peoplee ™ € s life, its core values and attitudes. However, the reality is different, depending  € œAdvertising Edger is the art of making whole lies out of half truth.â € ™ 1
Advertising has been observed in several ways: television, newspapers, billboards, walls, video, Internet and many other ways. The protection of children against the disease is directly attributable to the question of what affects observe from the television. Criticism of Children's Television are related to what they see and for how long. Television advertising in foods is a concern of parents, parents try monitor the television their children. Parental control of television should reduce the number of hours a child, leaving the impact their health.1
Today € ™ s children are our future and unique in many aspects of the previous generation. But perhaps the most influential factor in childhood € ™ s health is television advertising. There is a general concern that parents TV advertising has a negative influence intentional or not, children € ™ s health.
Advertising The structure of compound and communication of non-personal information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products from sponsors identified by different media. Advertising of course, companies have reported a significant number of people on their products. There is nothing wrong with her because she allows the ideas and innovative concepts to be shared with others. However, as the years have progressed, methods and advertising techniques rose, attractive, to give shape and even the creation of consumerism € ™ s needs when not occurred before, or converting luxuries into necessities.2
Mass advertising is no longer just a means of introduction and distribution of products, but it does. It is an important mechanism in the ability of a relatively small number of large companies that have a disproportionate power on the economy. These companies need newspapers, magazines and broadcasting not only to sell their property, but to maintain its economic and political influence. The media is more neutral agents and traders, but essential in the gears of the machine of corporate gigantism, and most are not only necessary but are owned company giants.3
Advertising Story
Advertising is as old as civilization itself. Beginnings advertising, many examples, of course, are impossible to identify, but that goes back thousands of years. In the early days, signs were placed on the doors of schools, and later, the town crier is a significant advertising medium. Advertising is an established Environmental Office of the earliest civilizations. However, until the advent of the discount sale in the 19th century, advertising plays a minor role in achieving business.4
After the invention of printing leaflets, posters and newspapers were used to increase the volume of advertising products. The development of railway transport on condition that the advertising industry to send their products consumers who live far from manufacturing. National workshop on the advertising business as people use both newspapers and television to spread their markets.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The advertising of foodstuffs The impact of television on children Pakistani € ™ s health â € "eating disorder and become obese and inactive. The researcher interested in analyzing the impact on advertising of food in children's health.
OBJECTIVES
The study was maintaining the following objectives:
i) Investigate Child € ™ s viewing habits of television in Pakistan
ii) To determine the impact advertising on children € ™ s health
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
While many beneficiaries of the study, but the main beneficiaries are € ™ parents, staff and advertising agencies. All parents want to give their children good food for healthy living. The results of the survey show parents about the impact of advertising on the health of their children and help offset these effects.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into five parts. The first part describes some general things about advertising television. The second section is to explain the theory of advertising, how advertising on children's health and lives. The third section explains the role of advertising in society. The fourth section describes the health status of children and BMI. Part V study explores the effects of negative publicity on the health of children from 8 to 12 years.
Television is an agent of socialization important because it is present in childhood € ™ s life. Many advertisements on television are the creations of brilliant minds who want to convince themselves they buy the advertised products. Evidence is mounting marketing to children is harmful. Almost all aspects of childhood € ™ s life has been negatively affected by recent developments in advertising. Communications Research at the rise in obesity and eating disorders in children because they are vulnerable to persuasive messages. According Factor scholar Media â € œTelevision Gorges become unavoidable and continuous training we are and what we will become € 1
Children under eight are unable to understand critically television advertising and are prone to accept advertiser messages as truthful, accurate and impartial. This can lead to bad eating habits as evidenced by today € ™ s youth. It is a key concern for joint marketing of products for children are cereals, candy, sweets, sodas and snacks. The publication of these unhealthy foods to children contributes to poor eating habits that can last a lifetime and be a variable in the current epidemic of obesity kids.2
Television Advertising
A consumer exposed to hundreds advertising messages each day. They may appear as posters, newspapers, television ads, etc. It is indeed a very structured communication applied, using both verbal and nonverbal elements to fill that space and time determined by the promoter specific formats. First, Advertising is communication â € "a particular type of communication. Traditionally, advertising was essentially a unidirectional process, but today € ™ s interactive technology, consumers can provide information to advertisements in real time using the same channels of the sender. Most advertising is intended to be persuasive â € "to win converts to a product, service or idea. Some ads, as many legal notices are intended only to inform, not persuade. But there are ads because they meet all other requirements definition.3
The issues surrounding advertising to children are related to certain commercial campaigns primarily targeting children. Cold drinks are usually ads shown during sports events and seen by millions of children, creating a familiar brand and encourage children to buy. They were exposed to advertisements on television more than 15 edible for a program of hours and when they watch television 4 hours per day, which means that the product was € ™ s ad about 20 times in one sitting. This refers the curve no. 15, page 34.
Advertising is persuasive and influence of information on the conduct of the hearing. Advertising is also a marketing tool and can be used in combination with other marketing tools such as sales promotions, tactics of personal selling, or advertising. But the reality is different, depending œAdvertising € a Edger is the art of making everything is half off € truth.â
The impact TV advertising is the greatest among children. Children, like TV commercials older group, and are also more strongly influenced by the appearance of eye-catching posters in their lives.
Advertising to children is based on three questions, one hand, it is believed that the area of advertising and promotion of values based on material possessions and consumption. Secondly, children are considered as inexperienced consumers easy prey and persuasion experienced advertisers. Third, advertising influences the demand for children for everything from toys to snacks food.4
THE ROLE OF ADVERTISING
Advertising plays a vital role in the economic system of a country. It helps the sale of ideas, goods and services. Advertising reflects and affects our lifestyle, and therefore plays an important social role. Advertising has become so close our life, therefore, multidimensional communication serves the needs of society. Businesses, unions, government agencies and political leaders are successfully advertising to inform and convince people about its purpose.
Kapoor gives four points of the role of advertising: First, Paas € ™ gross domestic product is higher and the standard of living is higher than it would be. Advertising creates jobs with greater variety of products, improving product quality and increase the country's economy. Secondly, the argument is Kapoor that advertising plays an important role in informing consumers, options for more Smart is done on the market. Thirdly, the basic principles advertising is that Signature ™ € s production cost per unit of production is lower because advertising increases demand for the firm ™ € s production and advertising leads to more efficient use of resources in the economy. Finally, states that allow advertising effects positive or negative masses in general and in children. These effects vary according to culture and environment.5
The four points mentioned above complete picture of advertising that advertisers want to reach. The same situation is found in Pakistan. Therefore, anyone be able to explore all aspects of advertising at this level, because many obstacles such as lack of resources, lack of time.
Children € ™ S HEALTH
All parents, consciously and depth of the health of their children in society. But parents are united with their children in Pakistani society, because children are the future and will help fund when the parents retire. All parents like to provide good food for their children their health and give them a good education to be a good citizen. Both parents work, because they want to improve their standard of living; This figure is not known. 4. Sometimes children of parents is € ™ s activities to know what and when to eat? When and how to watch television? Why become overweight and inactivity? 6
In fact, the researcher examined the response of all these issues because these issues are mainly related to the study.
Health experts have linked excessive television watching to obesity – a problem major health today. Watching television, children are inactive for purchasing such products. They are bombarded with media messages encourage them to buy and eat unhealthy foods, like fries, burgers, cakes, etc. and empty calories from soft drinks that often become food favorite snack. Indirectly, the publicity will affect too much the health of children. Even if children are watching 4 hours of educational programs quality television in one day, that means no exercising, reading, socializing, or spending time outdoors. However, some studies have shown that reducing the amount of TV children performed less weight gain and increase the lower mass body index, and make the idle is better for HEALTH.7
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body mass index (BMI) is used to calculate the healthy weight of the average person. A BMI of 20 to 24 is suitable for most adults. A person with a BMI 25 to 29.9 considered overweight, and a person with a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and other illness.
The body mass index (BMI) is commonly used to determine the desirable body weight. BMI is a measure of ™ € s adult weight relative to height and the metric is calculated as weight divided by height squared (kg/m2).
Body Mass Index gives only a rough estimation of desirable weight, however, doctors recognize that many other factors that influence height on weight. Weight only may not be an indicator of body fat, as in For a bodybuilder who can have a high BMI because of a high percentage of muscle tissue which weighs more than fat. Similarly, a person with a sedentary lifestyle can be a desirable weight range, but have excess fat. However, the BMI is more likely to develop serious diseases.
BMI Chart for Boys
Body Mass Index (BMI) percentiles of children from two to twenty years, so you can monitor your child € ™ s growth curve and see if they have insufficient weight, overweight or just right.
Value of the BMI of young girls
Body Mass Index (BMI) percentiles for girls, two to twenty years, so you can follow the growth curve and see if your child is underweight, overweight or just right.
What is fat?
Fats or lipids are nutrients in foods that children € ™ s body uses to build nerve tissue (brain, example) and hormones. The body also uses fat as fuel. If fats that children have eaten are not burned as energy or used as building blocks that are stored by the body into fat cells. This is the body's way of thinking ahead: By saving fat for future use, the agency plans where food can be scarce.
Fat provides flavor and texture of foods, but also rich in calories, and excess amounts fat foods such as surpluses of any food can cause many health risks. For Children and teens, desserts and snacks such as chips of potato, chocolate, cakes, donuts, cakes and biscuits are an important source of fat. The children are also fat from dairy products and meats high in fat, the meat fried and spicy. Of course, fast food and Take out foods tend to have more fat than home cooking and in restaurants, fried dishes are the highest in fat content. Fat also often "hides" in foods as cream sauces, cheese, butter or dressing.
However, however, fat is an element importance of healthy eating when children eat the right kinds of fats, especially certain types of fish in the recommended amounts. As that carbohydrates in recent years, fats have been wrongly accused of being a € € œbadâ. While some certainly better than others, some types of fats are actually good for teenagers and children an important part of healthy eating.
Obesity increases the risk of developing the disease. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, nearly 70 percent cases of heart disease in the United States are linked to excess body fat and obese people are more than twice as likely to develop hypertension. The risk of medical complications, including heart disease, increases when body fat is distributed around the waist, especially in the abdomen. This type of fat distribution upper body is more common in men than in women.8
THE CAUSES OF OBESITY
A calorie is the unit used to measure the energy value of food and energy used by the body to maintain normal functions. When the number of calories from food intake equal the calories of energy the body uses, weight remains constant. But when a person consumes more calories that the body needs, the body stores the extra calories as fat gain, weight gain.
Obesity, a disease characterized by accumulation body fat. The human body has a natural reserve of fat under the skin around organs and joints. Fat is essential for good health because it is a source of energy when the body lacks the energy to sustain life processes, and provides insulation and protection bodies internal. But the accumulation of excess body fat is associated with a variety of health problems. Studies show that individuals who are overweight or obese are at greater risk of developing diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, arthritis and certain forms of cancer.9
The causes of obesity are complex and include some of the factors. Fundamentally, obesity occurs when a person eats more calories than your body burns. Children have a chance of 80 percent to be overweight if their parents are obese. Obesity in childhood and adolescence may be related:
eating habits i) Poor
ii) the habits of overeating
iii) unnecessary use of cold drinks
iv) Do not eat food nutrition
v) Eat the side of the house
The percentage of children overweight is increasing at an alarming rate. In general, children spent less time exercising and more time watching TV and computer. And families Employed today have fewer free moments to prepare nutritious home, dishes prepared daily. From fast food to electronics Quick and easy as the mentality of many people, young and old in the new millennium.
THE IMPACT OF ADVERTISING
Modern lifestyle has size family frozen in Pakistani society. The nuclear family has taken place in the extended family. Fashion trends of urban life in Pakistan (increased income, hours longer, working mothers and fathers time-poor/cash-rich) tend to support their families, which bring the child watching television and increased consumption of unnecessary food. In addition, the advertising industry makes junk food seem irresistible.
Toddlers who watch too much TV have trouble concentrating in school because they are accustomed to be given all answers instead of being asked to think about issues. If children are less television, their imaginations grow.
Unfortunately, children do not receive sufficient guidance on what to do. The media is not playing its own role in promoting child € ™ s rights and the difficulties they face in society. Even the Pakistan Television authorities ignored this side and no programs can be tailored to the Children € ™ s requirements.
IMPACT Children € ™ s HEALTH
James suggests that obesity â € œChildhood arises from foods that are high in fat and low in fiber. When children eat this meal, insulin, not only enhances the effects of dopamine in the pleasure (making the child want to eat the same food), but also reduces the effects of the hormone leptons, make the child want to eat more and be less active € 10
The TV also has negative effects, creates eye problems. He pauses for children to play outside with friends. Their advertising makes buying things, but not necessary. It can get tired and unable to concentrate on their lessons.
LEAVE bad habits
Gerbner said that experts from many in the media Western countries are deeply concerned about the commercial context of television programming. They argue that the impact of television advertising stop on society, particularly in the health of children and television advertising is not in the air without reason.11
The impact television on children has received much attention. Research suggests that children see advertising as an alternative system programming and respond uncritically to their messages, making them particularly vulnerable to advertising. He is also concerned about how children respond to advertising. Research indicates that many children are not unduly influenced by this standard of health, are dissatisfied with their bodies, and may develop eating disorders in pursuit of a slim figure. Advertising in daily life and eating habits of children, etc. and adolescents are influenced, consciously or unconsciously by advertising on television in Pakistan.
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
Each science discipline which uses a specific methodology for conducting research. This includes some of the assumptions and values that serve as justification (reasons background) for the research effort and the criteria for the whole process. The basic objective of this investigation, the investigation the negative consequences of eating habits / health problems of children. To this end the method of systematic random sampling was used. The sample size was limited to 30 children ages 8 â € "12 years and their parents.
DESIGN OF THE RESEARCH
This study was survey research on food advertising œImpacts € on television in Pakistan in dietary habits of children € Ciudad Satellite (B-Block) from the city of Rawalpindi. The researchers used questionnaires to interview parents and children as a tool to collect data.
POPULATION
In this research study of children aged 8, a € "12 years and their parents in the city of Rawalpindi were the study population.
Sampling Technique and SAMPLE
Techniques random and convenience sampling were used in this research to select the sample. The frame was 30 children ages 8 â € "12 years and their parents in Ciudad Satellite (B-Block) in the city of Rawalpindi.
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
There are three demographic variables in this study:
i) sex
ii) Age
iii) Training
INSTRUMENTS SEARCH
To achieve the objective, a study survey was conducted. Data were collected mainly from primary sources. A questionnaire was designed for parents. Children € ™ s questionnaire was also used for the structured interview.
DATA COLLECTION
The data were collected by questionnaire and interview. Questionnaire distributed to parents and administered by the researcher. Structured interview was all the children of respondents in the sample.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
In this chapter, we analyzed the data impacts ads on children's health. Data on a œImpacts advertising of foods of € PTV on children's health were collected through a questionnaire that was designed specifically for this study. First, the procedure PivotTable statistic was applied to study the relationship is between demographic variables (gender, age and qualification, and is presented in data tables with graphs alongwith interpretation.
As Figure 1 is obvious, the majority of men surveyed (34% decreased in the age group 30 to 45 years and women interviewed in the same group 23%. The results showed that the majority of both groups were interviewed young people.
As shown in Figure 2, the majority of men surveyed (20%) was the doctor while 20% were managing their company, 10% of women surveyed were Govt. employees and 10% were housewives.
Figure 3 showed 57% of boys and 30% of women interviewed were highly educated. Thus, respondents were more qualified male versus female.
Documents Figure 4, the average Monthly parents interviewed. As the chart shows that the defendant is held by families win, and to compare the women interviewed.
As shown in Figure 5 which shows the family composition of respondents, most respondents who have four family members.
As shown Figure 6 in all parents' responses PTV Watched regularly.
As shown in Figure 7, the majority (13%) of men surveyed PTV, seen in the afternoon and evening compared to women surveyed liked to watch TV Pakistan in the morning and evening.
Figure 8 shows that most parents Hits Pakistan TV 2 to 3 hours a day.
Figure 9 shows that all respondents were children viewers Pakistan.
The results of Figure 10 shows that children like to watch TV, especially at night, but some respondents would like see in the afternoon too.
As shown in Figure 11, most (30%) of children watches PTV for over four hours. According to data collected from children 8-12 years of age were heavy viewers of PTV. In reality that is the problem area, because that television watching for the longest time of five hours creates adverse effects on health, particularly children of 8-12 years.
Results Chart 12 shows that most (33%) of children surveyed, children love to watch shows / quiz programs guided by their parents.
Figure 13 shows that parents allow their children to watch PTV to obtain updated information and entertainment.
Figure 14 is clear that people respondents felt tired when they see PTV for more than 3 to 4 hours, but the women surveyed were pierced which means that women liked to see more four hours.
As Figure 15 shows that most respondents (40%) watched advertisements about 15-20 and 20% saw more than 25 ads in one hour. Its means that during a one hour program with lots of food products have been announced at PTV, which prompted the children to buy these products yourself or ask their parents to buy it for them.
As shown in Figure 16 that most parents and children interviewed were generally buy cool drinks, but some children said they liked also purchase chips such products also. These products increase fats in the body, especially among children due to the age of 8-12 years old are grooming and they need good nutrition and diet for your health.
As shown in Figure 17 parents who responded said that the attitude of children has changed, if not buy or allow them to buy the groceries. They behave aggressively with their elders or their parents.
The results in Table 18 show the impact of television Pakistani € ™ s ads on children. The parents said their children have tried to imitate, seeing the ads, but some parents said they felt somewhat aggressive during and after consultation with the ads, because this poster was Super human actions.
Following the curve 19 shows that parents still buy food for their children € ™ s demand because they were well deserved (see Figure No. 4.). Are all requirements of their children, demanding food. This eating habit of eating disorders in children developed 8-12 years of age.
As shown in Figure 20 that the parents felt that PTVâ € ™ s announcements to their children € ™ s regime, because their children have enough money to buy belong to families of the upper class (see Figure 4).
As shown in Figure 21 parents responded that the increase of such advertisements in eating disorders and the declining health of their children.
RESULTS
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the impact of advertising food to the Pakistani television on children's eating habits. Variables The principal may have a significant impact of ads on Pakistan Television in Children € ™ s health.
In Pakistan, almost all children were watching television regularly. Information about children € ™ s spending time television was to estimate exposure variety of ads. Change in advertising € ™ s influence has been seen differently from one child to another, and every day for the same child. However, some influence of advertising on children has been observed, which was introduced in Chapter 4 of Figure 9.
According to Figure 11; All children were watching television all day. 23% of children watched television 3 hours and 30% watch television until 4 hours daily. Thus, viewers were found heavy and regular. Most children spend much time sitting in front of the television screen to watch different programs.
Thus, children were 8 to 10 years of age to be more attracted by television commercials and watched with great interest, but with increasing age, children € ™ s preferences shifted to television.
Most children All age groups watched the great TV ads. This means that many audio visual techniques in television advertising was simply intended to win and the celebration of Children € ™ s attention, who impressed the purchase of various products. Therefore, television commercials really could have an enormous impact on children. The researcher found that:
1) Children 8-12 years and their parents were regularly seen on television in Pakistan. Most male parents liked to watch late at night, but parents have loved watching the women in the morning and evening and their children enjoyed watching the afternoon. ™ € Parents viewing time of 2-3 hours but their children € ™ s observation period was 4-5 hours per day.
2) The children enjoyed watching children shows testing programs but his parents were allowed to watch PTV information and entertainment.
3) The men interviewed felt tired when they PTV seen 3 to 4 hours, but the women surveyed were pierced which means that women liked to see more than four hours.
4) Most parents and children in general he liked to buy cold drinks, but some children also liked to buy tokens and the type of product. The researcher found these products increase fat in the body, especially in children, and age 8-12 years old are grooming and they need good nutrition and nutrition for your health.
5) Children € ™ attitude has changed if not buy or allow them to purchase these products groceries. They were aggressive with their elders or their parents.
6) The children tried to imitate, seeing the ads, but some parents said they felt somewhat aggressive during and after consultation with the ads, because this poster was Super Stock Rights.
7) Parents have always bought food in their readymade Children € ™ s demand because they were well deserved (see is not. 4). Are all requirements of their children, demanding food. This habit of eating eating disorder created in children of 8-12 years.
ads for their children PTV € ™ s diet, because their children have enough money to buy groceries, for example, belong to upper class families (see Figure No. 4).
9) The television commercials in Pakistan increased from eating disorders and the declining health of children 8-12 old.
CONCLUSION
Most children are addicted to watching television viewing is above its average 60% which means they watch hours of television more than five per day, viewers are heavy. During / after seeing VAT € ™ s most ads children need Coca-Cola Beverages, namely, those Pepsi develop unhealthy habits of children. Some children aged 10-12 are trying to imitate the same action that was seen in the ads, which are dangerous to their lives.
Data from this study shows that the increased fat in the body of people, especially children, if they regularly consume these products. Increased body fat is not a good sign because fat produces obesity and hear disease. Children have more weight depending on their age and size, as these drinks are used regularly and eating cold fried meat outside the house with their parents or elders.
Children who have less weight according their BMI Itâ € ™ s because of their eating disorder. They think that if the disorder eat and drink more than others who have good muscles, but your stomach not digest food properly, eat more and after several months of weight reduction. Only for your eating disorder. It is Note that the performer listings in powdered milk is healthier because S / drink milk after it comes to purchasing power and drinking milk, but they do not know the real situation.
RECOMMENDATIONS
After the conclusion of the results of the data the researcher to make recommendations following:
i) The authorities should take steps to better protect children against exposure to advertising because of the injustice inherent advertising to an audience that lacks the ability to assess the misinformation in television advertising.
ii) Parents should try to limit their children € ™ s time to television.
iii) Teachers and parents can help children decide what to see in television.
iv) adults should pay attention to things that their children do not understand television.
v) Parents should also keep an eye on the possible negative effects of television in Pakistan in Children € ™ s Health, Food and disturbance of their vision problems.
vi) Children must be encouraged at school and at home to talk about television advertising.
vii) Parents, teachers should help children find programs relevant to their health and have positive effects on the health impacts of Pakistan Television.
Literature Cited
Edger A. Shoaff. http://thinkexist.com/quotation/advertising_is_the_art_making_whole_lies/204323.html
Evra, Judith Van: Television and Child Development. (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990).
Kunkel, D., Wilson, B., Donnerstein, E., & Blumenthal, E.: Measuring television violence: The importance of context. (Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 1995).
Ibid.
Ibid
Namita Unnikrishnan and Shailaja Pajp: The impact of television advertising in children. (Sage Publications India Private Limited, India 1996)
Namita Unnikrishnan and Shailaja Pajp: The impact of television advertising on children. (Sage Publications India Private Limited, India 1996)
Neeru Kapoor & Consumer Response Television Advertising. (Mittal Publications, New Delhi, India, 2003)
http://weightloss.about.com/od/obesityhealth/a/blwhatsbmi.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity
James Shanahan and Michael Morgan: Television and its viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. (Cambridge University Press, UK1999)
Syed Abdul Siraj advertising. Islamabad: Allama Iqbal Open University) 6-8
 ® Microsoft ® Encarta Reference Library 2005.  © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
William F. Arens. Contemporary advertising (10th edition). (McGraw-Hill Irwin, USA 2006)
About the Author
I have done my Master of Sciences and PGD in ELT with Thesis and Dissertation. Now I’m studying M.Phil.
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